This session explores the ways in which competing theoretical frameworks, such as Freudian, Jungian, Kleinian, and other psychoanalytic schools, have profoundly influenced the institutional structure and culture of psychoanalysis. These historical divisions have not only influenced the development of training programmes and professional standards but have also contributed to the formation of distinct professional identifies within the field. The session will consider how these theoretical divisions have shaped the culture of training institutions, often leading to rigid hierarchies, a ‘bunker mentality’, and divisive attitudes that can sometimes hinder collaboration and innovation. How might more partnership and openness be facilitated?